新疆伊犁某牛场不同生长期牛粪源大肠杆菌耐药性调查

为了调查新疆伊犁某牛场不同生长期牛粪源大肠杆菌对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药情况。从该牛场分别采集育肥牛、繁育牛、加育牛和未繁育牛的粪样。采用微量肉汤稀释法,对分离出的大肠杆菌进行最小抑菌浓度测定。结果表明,育肥牛、繁育牛、加育牛和未繁育牛粪源大肠杆菌分离率均为100%,不同生长期的牛源大肠杆菌对氨苄西林均耐药,耐药率分别为4.0%、8.6%、6.7%、20.0%;对安普霉素都较为敏感。繁育牛和加育牛粪源大肠杆菌耐药种类较多,未繁育牛粪源大肠杆菌对比其他生长期牛粪源菌耐药较严重,不同生长期的牛粪源大肠杆菌多重耐药情况不太严重,主要为0耐、1耐;新疆伊犁该牛场对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药程度不同,耐药程度虽然不高,但在养殖生产中需注意合理用药。     

南阳黄牛人培牛黄技术试验报告

通过外科手术的方法,将专用网架、育黄菌种等植入南阳黄牛胆囊内,达到快速成黄、提高产量的目的;育黄术对南阳黄牛的生长发育、繁殖和使役等无明显影响,育黄期12、18、24、36个月每头平均产黄量为6.44、10.93、16.72、28.32g,其质量与天然牛黄相似;统计分析表明:牛黄产量与育黄期之间有强的正相关,每头平均产黄量对育黄期的回归方程为:y1=-2.27 0.7819x,每头月均产黄量对育黄期的回归方程为:y2=0.4074 0.011x;据此可进行产黄量的理论推算和预测。     

不同放牧强度荒野地区的大型土壤动物群落具有异质性

Moderate grazing by cattle increases the heterogeneity of soil and vegetation. This has been suggested as an ecologically sustainable mean of managing natural environments endangered by tree encroachment, such as heathlands. Our study was performed to test the impact of grazing intensity on soil macroinvertebrate communities in heterogeneous landscapes in a private property eligible to the Natura 2000 European Network of Special Protection Areas within the Brenne Natural Regional Park (Indre, France). We sampled macroinvertebrates along a broken line crossing 5 different land-use types, from pasture to pine forest, passing through a besom heath (Erica scoparia) heathland at 3 levels of cattle pressure. We hypothesized that: i) litter-dwelling (mostly arthropods and mollusks) and soil-dwelling macroinvertebrates (mostly earthworms) would respond in an opposite manner to various grazing intensities, and ii) intermediate cattle pressure (pastured heath) would increase soil and community heterogeneity. The results supported the first hypothesis, which was explained by land-use impacts mediated by soil properties. However, our results supported only partly the second hypothesis since maximum dissimilarity (whether in the composition of soil macroinvertebrate communities or in soil features) was observed in only one out of the two pastured heaths where cattle pressure was intermediate.     

坑状浅沟侵蚀研究

坑状浅沟作为浅沟与切沟的中间过程，深入理解它对于进一步认识切沟侵蚀规律具有十分重要的意义，但是还没有见到相关的研究报道。以内蒙古高原的一个小流域为例。利用高精度的全球定位系统（GPS）测量坑状浅沟侵蚀的形态参数，探讨了坑状浅沟的相关特征，分析了坑状浅沟的坡度（S）和上有集水区面积（A）的关系（S—A）、侵蚀体积（V）和长度（L）的关系（V-L），以期能推动坑状浅沟侵蚀的研究。     

牛IVF性控切割胚胎和整胚的冷冻保存研究

本研究分3个实验对比了采用不同处理的常规冷冻和玻璃化冷冻保存358枚体外受精(IVF)性控切割囊胚和326枚整胚的保存效果。结果表明：(1)用于冷冻整胚的常规方法对冷冻性控切割胚胎同样有效；(2)利用含10％EG 10％FBS的DPBS冷冻牛IVF控切割胚胎或整胚的效果明显优于用含10％甘油 0.4%BSA或1．4mol／LEG 0．1％PVOH的DMPBS；(3)采用微玻管玻璃化冷冻保存牛IVF性控切割胚胎的效果显著优于常规冷冻法。     

成年鲁西牛肌内前脂肪细胞的分离培养

建立牛肌内前脂肪细胞体外培养方法，旨在更深入地研究组成肌肉内脂肪组织的肌内前脂肪细胞的增殖分化特性及其影响因素。选取来自成年育肥鲁西黄牛第6与第7肋骨间的肌肉内脂肪组织，利用Ⅰ型胶原酶消化法分离获得牛肌内前脂肪细胞。培养出的细胞成分均一，增殖旺盛，分化率高，经形态学动态变化观察、生长曲线、油红O脂肪染色提取法及对胰岛素和地塞米松反应的测定，证明是功能活跃的前脂肪细胞，并在体外重现了其增殖分化过程，同时经染色体核型分析证明体外培养的细胞倍性正常，可以用于后续研究。本试验成功分离得到了成年育肥牛肌内前脂肪细胞，这为下一步研究肌内脂肪的沉积机制，改善牛肉品质奠定了基础。     

去透明带体细胞核移植的牛囊胚质量检测

对来自6批次147枚采用去透明带-双半卵融合法(简称去透明带法)克隆的牛体细胞囊胚进行质量分级,然后除了20枚优质胚胎用来移植外,其余的127枚克隆囊胚均采用低渗分离细胞核法进行细胞计数。结果表明:127枚采用去透明带法克隆的7 d囊胚细胞数平均为129.8个,其中优质大囊胚细胞数平均为218.9±45.0个(117~281),中等大小的优质囊胚细胞数为134.9±43.7个(85~233),不同体积大小的囊胚细胞数差异极显著(P<0.01)。结果表明,从优质囊胚比例以及其细胞数来衡量,采用去透明带克隆方法可以获得质量较高的牛囊胚。     

Soil nitrogen distribution and deposition on shortgrass prairie adjacent to a beef cattle feedyard

Cattle feedyards can impact local environments through emission of ammonia and dust deposited on nearby land. Impacts range from beneficial fertilization of cropland to detrimental effects on sensitive ecosystems. Shortgrass prairie downwind from an adjacent feedyard on the southern High Plains of Texas, USA changed from perennial grasses to annual weeds. It was hypothesized that N enrichment from the feedyard initiated the cascade of negative ecological change. Objectives were to determine the distribution of soil nitrogen and estimate N loading to the pasture. Soil samples were collected from 119 locations across the pasture and soil total N (TN), nitrate-N and ammonium-N (AN) determined in the top 30 cm. Soil TN concentration decreased with distance downwind from the feedyard from 1.6 ± 0.2 g kg⁻¹ at 75 m to 1.2 ± 0.05 g kg⁻¹ at 582 m. Nitrate-N concentration decreased within 200 m of the feedyard and changed little at greater distances. Ammonium-N concentration decreased linearly (P < 0.001) with increasing distance from the feedyard from 7.9 ± 1.7 mg kg⁻¹ within 75 m from the feedyard to 5.8 ± 1.5 mg kg⁻¹ at more than 550 m from the feedyard; however, distance only explained 12% of the variability in AN concentration. Maximum nitrogen loading, from 75 to 106 m from the feedyard, was 49 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ over 34 years and decreased with distance from the feedyard. An estimate of net dry deposition of ammonia indicated that it contributed negligibly to N loading to the pasture. Nitrogen enrichment that potentially shifted vegetation from perennial grasses to annual weeds affected soil N up to 500 m from the feedyard; however, measured organic and inorganic N beyond that returned to typical and expected levels for undisturbed shortgrass prairie.

Analysis of Relationship between Bovine Lymphocyte Antigen DRB3.2 Alleles, Somatic Cell Count and milk Traits in Iranian Holstein Population

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a gene complex closely linked to the vertebrate immune system due to its importance in antigen recognition and immune response to pathogens. To improve our understanding of the MHC and disease resistance in dairy cattle, we gathered 5119 test day records of somatic cell count (SCC) and performance traits of 262 Holstein dairy cows to determine whether the DRB region of the MHC contains alleles that are associated with elevated SCC, milk yield, protein and fat percent of milk. To this purpose, genotyping of animals for DRB3 gene was investigated by polymerase chain reaction‐based restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) assay. A two‐step PCR was carried out so as to amplify a 284 base‐pair fragment of exon 2 of the target gene. Second PCR products were treated with three restriction endonuclease enzymes RsaI, BstYI and HaeIII. Twenty‐eight BoLA‐DRB3 alleles were identified including one novel allele (*40). The results in general are in good accordance with allele frequencies of Holstein cattle populations reported by previous studies. Analyses of associations were modeled based on repeated measurement anova and generalized logistic linear methods for production traits and SCC data, respectively. The results of this study showed a significant relationship between the elevated SCC reflecting an increased probability of occurrence to subclinical mastitis and DRB3.2 allele *8 (p < 0.03). The results also revealed significant positive relationships of alleles*22 (p < 0.01) and allele*11 (p < 0.05) with milk fat percent as well as of alleles*24 (p < 0.03) and *22 (p < 0.05) with protein percent. The present study failed to find any association between milk yield and tested alleles. Because of the lack of consistency among results of similar studies, we suggest further investigations to determine the precise nature of these associations with the high polymorphic bovine MHC region to be performed based on haplotypes.     

Comparison of two methods of detecting purulent vaginal discharge in postpartum dairy cows and effect of intrauterine cephapirin on reproductive performance

Objective   Part 1: compare the use of a Metricheck™ device (a stainless steel probe with a semi-spherical rubber cup attached at one end) to sample the contents of the anterior vagina with a vaginal speculum examination for the diagnosis of pus in the vagina of postpartum dairy cows and to investigate the association of that pus with reproductive performance. Part 2: assess the effect of a single intrauterine infusion of 500 mg cephapirin in cows diagnosed with vaginal purulent or mucopurulent discharge 7 to 28 days after calving on reproductive performance.
Procedure   Six herds were visited fortnightly to examine cows that had calved between 7 and 28 days (n = 423) with both the Metricheck device and a vaginal speculum to score, by each method, the vaginal discharge from 0 (clear or absent) to 3 (purulent) for each animal included in the study. Half of the cows that had a positive discharge score (1 to 3 by either examination method) were then treated with an intrauterine infusion of 500 mg of cephapirin. The relationship between Metricheck score, vaginoscopy score, treatment and reproductive performance was assessed.
Results   There was a substantial measure of agreement between each method when scores were analysed by status. Cows that were positive with either method had inferior reproductive performance compared with cows with a score of zero. Treatment of cows diagnosed with a purulent or mucopurulent discharge with intrauterine cephapirin improved reproductive performance in both the vaginoscopy and Metricheck groups.